Themes Of Trauma In The Great Gatsby - 1849 Words

Art often represents the challenges overcome by individuals as they search for life meaning. Gus Van Sant’s Good Will Hunting, released on12 March 1998, follows the story of protagonist Will Hunting, played by Matt Damon, who has Attachment Disorder. Abused as a child, he has trouble developing meaningful and appropriate relationships with adults and women. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, published on 10 April 1925, is a story told by involved narrator Nick Carraway, who was once Jay Gatsby s neighbour. Over the course of a summer on Long Island, Carraway reflects on the incidents of the roaring 20’s. Fitzgerald’s famous romantic tale explores, Jay Gatsby, a financially successful man motivated by his obsession to recapture his†¦show more content†¦This abuse has left him defensive which explains his, at times, mean and hurtful demeanour. The composers explore the idea of shame to interpret and consider the difficulties of living up to the social ideal. Fitzgerald illustrates Gatsby’s pursuit to self actualisation through recurrent symbolism of green light and the eyes. Van Sant uses his scenes to develop and reveal the ideas of where Will’s initial shame originates. Gatsby’s shame reveals he feels something wrong or damaged within himself. From this shame Gatsby creates a persona, changing his name, and moulds himself against his poor upbringing in a lavish display of wealth and ostentation. The drive of this stems from the loss of Daisy. The eyes are powerful symbol, which Fitzgerald explores in demonstrating the notion of who is watching?, who is listening? The characters in his novel are typically guilt free with their actions, however they are afraid of being seen and the negatives of being seen. Similarly Will, feels shame about his upbringing when he retells his childhood stories saying; â €Å"He used to just put a belt, a stick, and a wrench on the kitchen table and say, â€Å"Choose.†Ã¢â‚¬ . The director highlights the abuse suffered by Will through graphic imagery. The camera fixates, for an extended period, on forensic photos showing Will’s physical abuse as a cumulative tool of image and dialogue. Through these formative experiences Will learned to physically fightShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1567 Words   |  7 PagesScott Fitzgerald’s, The Great Gatsby, and Ernest Hemingway’s, The Sun Also Rises, act as an exploration of Americans’ shift in values, post-World War One (WWI). These authors do so by commenting on the excessive partying and drinking, the falsification of relationships, and the lost generation of the veterans who fought in the Great War. In their novels, Fitzgerald and Hemingway discuss the timeless parties and superfluous drinking in society post-WWI. The Great Gatsby is characterized by JamesRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1636 Words   |  7 PagesThe 1920s: Two Perspectives, One Story F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby and Toni Morrison s JAZZ both tell the story of the 1920s in America, but from opposite points of view. Both authors provide us with two compelling narratives of the societal shift that took place in America after World War I had come to an end. Although the accounts share many of the same general topics, as well as the historical era, it is difficult to imagine how the two stories could be so different from one anotherRead MoreGood Will Hunting Analysis1921 Words   |  8 PagesFitzgerald’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby†, published on 10 April 1925, is a story told by the involved narrator Nick Carraway, who was once Jay Gatsbys neighbour. Over the course of a summer on Long Island, Carraway reflects on the incidents of the roaring 20s. Fitzgerald’s famous romantic tale explores, Jay Gatsby, a financially successful man that is motivated by his intense desire to recapture his former lover, Daisy, now married to Tom Buchanan. 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His characters Jay Gatsby and Armory Blaine both portray men in American society who have through various ways acquired wealth, but their wealth has not brought them happiness, which is what they had truly longed for. In F. Scott Fitzgerald’s novels, The Great Gatsby, and This Side of Paradise, both male characters Jay Gatsby and Armory Blaine respectively representRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald2387 Words   |  10 Pages People were finally alive following a time of great nationwide tribulation, and constantly dancing to the tune of jazz music throughout the big cities of the country. The affluent were living in more excess and luxury than ever before, while the poor were steadily rising towards socio-economic change. The music, the art, and the literature were at the peak of creativity and from the inception of this roaring decade, came the novel The Great Gatsby by F. 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The Crystal Shard 23. Besieged Free Essays

string(30) " fight Kessell on even terms\." Caer-Dineval’s fleet trolled the southernmost waters of Lac Dinneshere, taking advantage of the areas left open when the people of Easthaven fled to Bryn Shander. Caer-Konig’s ships were fishing their familiar grounds by the lake’s northern banks. They were the first to see the coming doom. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crystal Shard 23. Besieged or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like an angry swarm of bees, Kessell’s foul army swept right around the northern bend of Lac Dinneshere and roared down Icewind Pass. â€Å"Up anchor!† cried Schermont and many other ship’s captains as soon as they had recovered from the initial shock. But they knew even then that they could not get back in time. The leading arm of the goblin army tore into Caer – Konig. The men on the boats saw the flames leap up as buildings were put to the torch. They heard the blood-crazed hoots of the vile invaders. They heard the dying screams of their kin. The women, children, and old men who were in Caer-Konig had no thoughts of resistance. They ran. For their lives, they ran. And the goblins chased them and cut them down. Giants and ogres rushed down to the docks, squashing the pitiful humans who beckoned helplessly to the returning fleet, or forcing them into the cold death of the lake’s waters. The giants carried huge sacks, and as the brave fishermen rushed into port, their vessels were pummeled and crippled by hurled boulders. Goblins continued to flow into the doomed city, yet the bulk of the vast army’s trailing edge flowed past and continued on toward the second town, Caer-Dineval. By this time, the people in Caer-Dineval had seen the smoke and heard the screams and were already in full flight to Bryn Shander, or out on the docks begging their sailors to come home. But Caer-Dineval’s fleet, though they caught the strength of the east wind in their rush back across the lake, had miles of water before them. The fishermen saw the pillars of smoke growing over Caer-Konig, and many suspected what was happening and understood that their flight, even with their sails so full of wind, would be in vain. Still, groans of shock and disbelief could be heard on every deck when the black cloud began its ominous climb from the northernmost sections of Caer-Dineval. Then Schermont made a gallant decision. Accepting that his own town was doomed, he offered his help to his neighbors. â€Å"We can not get in!† he cried to a captain of a nearby ship. â€Å"Pass the word: away south! Dineval’s docks are yet clear!† * * * From a parapet on Bryn Shander’s wall, Regis, Cassius, Agorwal, and Glensather watched in horror as the wicked force flowed down the stretch away from the two sacked cities, gaining on the fleeing people of Caer-Dineval. â€Å"Open the gates, Cassius!† Agorwal cried. â€Å"We must go out to them! They have no chance of gaining the city unless we slow the pursuit!† â€Å"Nay,† replied Cassius somberly, painfully aware of his greater responsibilities. â€Å"Every man is needed to defend the city. To go out onto the open plain against such overwhelming numbers would be futile. The towns on Lac Dinneshere are doomed!† â€Å"They are helpless!† Agorwal shot back. â€Å"Who are we if we can not defend our kinfolk? What right do we have to stand watching from behind this wall while our people are slaughtered?† Cassius shook his head, resolute in his decision to protect Bryn Shander. But then other refugees came running down the second pass, Bremen’s Run, fleeing the open town of Termalaine in their hysteria when they saw the cities across the way put to the torch. More than a thousand refugees were now within sight of Bryn Shander. Judging their speed and the distance remaining, Cassius estimated that they would converge on the wide field just below the principle city’s northern gates. Where the goblins would catch them. â€Å"Go,† he told Agorwal. Bryn Shander couldn’t spare the men, but the field would soon run red with the blood of women and children. Agorwal led his valiant men down the northeastern road in search of a defensible position where they could dig in. They chose a small ridge, actually more like a crest where the road dipped slightly. Entrenched and ready to fight and die, they waited as the last of the refugees ran past, terrified, screaming because they believed they had no chance of reaching the safety of the city before the goblins descended upon them. Smelling human blood, the fastest runners of the invading army were right behind the trailing people, mostly mothers clutching their babies. Intent on their easy victims, the lead monsters never even noticed Agorwal’s force until the waiting warriors were upon them. By then it was too late. The brave men of Termalaine caught the goblins in a crossfire of bows and then followed Agorwal into a fierce sword rush. They fought fearlessly, as men who had accepted what fate had dealt them. Dozens of monsters lay dead in their tracks and more fell with each passing minute as the enraged warriors pressed into their ranks. But the line seemed endless. As one goblin fell, two replaced it. The men of Termalaine were soon engulfed in a sea of goblins. Agorwal gained a high point and looked back toward the city. The fleeing women were a good distance across the field, but moving slowly. If his men broke their ranks and fled, they would overtake the refugees before the slopes of Bryn Shander. And the monsters would be right behind. â€Å"We must go out and support Agorwal!† Glensather yelled at Cassius. But this time the spokesman from Bryn Shander remained resolute. â€Å"Agorwal has accomplished his mission,† Cassius responded. â€Å"The refugees will make the wall. I’ll not send more men out to die! Even if the combined strength of all of Ten-Towns were on the field, it would not be able to defeat the foe before us!† Already the wise spokesman understood that they could not fight Kessell on even terms. You read "The Crystal Shard 23. Besieged" in category "Essay examples" The kindly Glensather looked crestfallen. â€Å"Take some troops down the hill,† Cassius conceded. â€Å"Help the exhausted refugees up the final climb.† Agorwal’s men were hard-pressed now. The spokesman from Termalaine looked back again and was appeased; the women and children were safe. He scanned up to the high wall, aware that Regis, Cassius, and the others could see him, a solitary figure on the small rise, though he could not pick them out among the throng of spectators that lined Bryn Shander’s parapets. More goblins poured into the fray, now joined by ogres and verbeeg. Agorwal saluted his friends in the city. His contented smile was sincere as he spun around and charged back down the grade to join his victorious troops in their finest moment. Then Regis and Cassius watched the black tide roll over every one of the brave men of Termalaine. Below them, the heavy gates slammed shut. The last of the refugees were in. * * * While Agorwal’s men had won a victory of honor, the only force that actually battled Kessell’s army that day and survived were the dwarves. The clan from Mithril Hall had spent days in industrious preparation for this invasion, yet it nearly passed them by altogether. Held by the wizard’s compelling will into discipline unheard of among goblins, especially varied and rival tribes, Kessell’s army had definite and direct plans for what they had to accomplish in the initial surge. As of this point, the dwarves were not included. But Bruenor’s boys had other plans. They weren’t about to bury themselves in their mines without getting to lop off at least a few goblin heads, or without crushing the kneecaps of a giant or two. Several of the bearded folk climbed to the southern tip of their valley. When the trailing edge of the evil army flowed past, the dwarves began to taunt them, shouting challenges and curses against their mothers. The insults weren’t even necessary. Orcs and goblins despise dwarves more than anything else alive, and Kessell’s straightforward plan flew from their minds at the mere sight of Bruenor and his kin. Ever hungry for dwarven blood, a substantial force broke away from the main army. The dwarves let them close in, goading them with taunts until the monsters were nearly upon them. Then Bruenor and his kin slipped back over the rocky ledge and down the steep drop. â€Å"Come an’ play, stupid dogs,† Bruenor chuckled wickedly as he disappeared from sight. He pulled a rope off of his back. There was one little trick he had thought up that he was anxious to try out. The goblins charged into the rocky vale, outnumbering the dwarves four to one. And they were backed by a score of raging ogres. The monsters didn’t have a chance. The dwarves continued to coax them on, down the steepest part of the valley, to the narrow, sloping ledges on the cliff face that crossed in front of the numerous entrances to the dwarven caves. An obvious place for an ambush, but the stupid goblins, frenzied at the sight of their most-hated enemies, came on anyway, heedless of the danger. When the majority of the monsters were on the ledges and the rest were making the initial descent into the vale, the first trap was sprung. Catti-brie, heavily armed but positioned in the back of the inner tunnels, pulled a lever, dropping a post on the vale’s upper crest. Tons of rocks and gravel tumbled down upon the tail of the monster’s line, and those who managed to keep their precarious balance and escape the brunt of the avalanche found the trails behind them buried and closed to any escape. Crossbows twanged from concealed nooks, and a group of dwarves rushed out to meet the lead goblins. Bruenor wasn’t with them. He had hidden himself further back on the trail and watched as the goblins, intent on the challenge up ahead, passed him by. He could have struck then, but he was after larger prey, waiting for the ogres to come into range. The rope had already been carefully measured and tied off. He slipped one of its looped ends around his waist and the other securely over a rock, then pulled two throwing axes from his belt. It was a risky ploy, perhaps the most dangerous the dwarf had ever tried, but the sheer thrill of it became obvious in the form of a wide grin across Bruenor’s face when he heard the lumbering ogres approaching. He could hardly contain his laughter when two of them crossed before him in the narrow trail. Leaping from his concealment, Bruenor charged at the surprised ogres and threw the axes at their heads. The ogres twisted and managed to deflect the half-hearted throws, but the hurled weapons were merely a diversion. Bruenor’s body was the true weapon in this attack. Surprised, and dodging from the axes, the two ogres were put off-balance. The plan was falling into place perfectly; the ogres could hardly find their footing. Twitching the powerful muscles in his stubby legs, Bruenor launched himself into the air, crashing into the closest monster. It fell with him onto the other. And they tumbled, all three, over the edge. One of the ogres managed to lock its huge hand onto the dwarf’s face, but Bruenor promptly bit it, and the monster recoiled. For a moment, they were a falling jumble of flailing legs and arms, but then Bruenor’s rope reached its length and sorted them out. â€Å"Have a nice landing, boys,† Bruenor called as he broke free of the fall. â€Å"Give the rocks a big kiss for me!† The backswing on the rope dropped Bruenor into the entrance of a mineshaft on the next lowest ledge as his helpless victims dropped to their deaths. Several goblins in line behind the ogres had watched the spectacle in blank amazement. Now they recognized the opportunity of using the hanging cord as a shortcut to one of the caves, and one by one they climbed onto the rope and started down. But Bruenor had anticipated this as well. The descending goblins couldn’t understand why the rope felt so slick in their hands. When Bruenor appeared on the lower ledge, the end o’ the rope in one hand and a lighted torch in the other, they figured it out. Flames leaped up the oiled twine. The topmost goblin managed to scramble back on the ledge, the rest took the same route as the unfortunate ogres before them. One nearly escaped the fatal fail, landing heavily on the lower ledge. Before he could even regain his feet, though, Bruenor kicked him over. The dwarf nodded approvingly as he admired the successful results of his handiwork. That was one trick he intended to remember. He slapped his hands together and darted back down the shaft. It sloped upward farther back to join the higher tunnels. On the upper ledge, the dwarves were fighting a retreating action. Their plan was not to clash in a death fight outsside, but to lure the monsters into the entrances of the tunnels. With the desire to kill blotting out any semblance of reason, the dimwitted invaders readily complied, assuming, that their greater numbers were pushing the dwarves back into a corner. Several tunnels soon rang out with the clash of sword on sword. The dwarves continued to back away, leading the monsters completely into the final trap. Then, from somewhere deeper in the caves, a horn sounded. On cue, the dwarves broke away from the melee and fled down the tunnels. The goblins and ogres, thinking that they had routed their enemies, paused only to whoop out victory cries, then surged after the dwarves. But deeper in the tunnels several levers were pulled. The final trap was sprung, and all of the tunnel entrances simply collapsed. The ground shook violently under the weight of the rock drop, the entire face of the cliff came crashing down. The only monsters that survived were the ones at the very front of the lines. And disoriented, battered by the force of the drop and dizzied by the blast of dust, they were immediately cut down by the waiting dwarves. Even the people as far away as Bryn Shander were shaken by the tremendous avalanche. They flocked to the north wall to watch the rising cloud of dust, dismayed for they beieved that the dwarves had been destroyed. Regis knew better. The halfling envied the dwarves, safely entombed in their long tunnels. He had realized the moment he saw the fires rising from Caer-Konig that his delay in the city, waiting for his friend from Lonelywood, had cost him his chance to escape. Now he watched helplessly and hopelessly as the black mass advanced toward Bryn Shander. * * * The fleets on Maer Dualdon and Redwaters had put back to their home ports as soon as they realized what was happening. They found their families safe for the present time, except for the fishermen of Termalaine who sailed into a deserted town. All that the men of Termalaine could do as they reluctantly put back out to sea was hope that their kin had made it to Bryn Shander or some other sanctuary; for they saw the northern flank of Kessell’s army swarming across the field toward their doomed city. Targos, the second strongest city and the only one other than Bryn Shander with any hope of holding out for any length of time against the vast army, extended an invitation for Termalaine’s ships to tie up at her docks. And the men of Termalaine, soon to be numbered among the homeless themselves, accepted the hospitality of their bitter enemies to the south. Their disputes with Kemp’s people seemed petty indeed against the weight of the disaster that had befallen the towns. * * * Back in the main battle, the goblin generals that led Kessell’s army were confident they could overrun Bryn Shander before nightfall. They obeyed their leader’s plan to the letter: The main body of the army veered away from Bryn Shander and moved down the swath of open ground between the principle city and Targos, thus cutting any possibility of the two powerful cities linking their forces. Several of the goblin tribes had broken away from the main group and were bearing down on Termalaine intent on sacking their third city of the day. But when they found the place deserted, they abstained from burning the buildings. Part of Kessell’s army now had a ready-made camp where they could wait out the coming siege in comfort. Like two great arms, thousands of monsters raced south from the main force. So vast was Kessell’s army that it filled the miles of field between Bryn Shander and Termalaine and still had enough numbers to encircle the hill of the principle city with thick ranks of troops. Everything had happened so quickly that when the goblins finally stalled their frenzied charge, the change seemed overly dramatic. After a few minutes of breath-catching calm, Regis felt the tension growing once again. â€Å"Why don’t they just get it over with?† he asked the two spokesmen standing beside him. Cassius and Glensather, more knowledgable in the ways of warfare, understood exactly what was happening. â€Å"They are in no hurry, little friend,† Cassius explained. â€Å"Time favors them.† Then Regis understood. During his many years in the more populated southlands, he had heard many vivid tales describing the terrible horrors of a siege. The image of Agorwal’s final salute out in the distance came back to him then, the contented look on the spokesman’s face and his willingness to die valiantly. Regis had no desire to die in any way, but he could imagine what lay before him and the cornered people of Bryn Shander. He found himself envying Agorwal. How to cite The Crystal Shard 23. Besieged, Essay examples

The Hobbit Essay Research Paper In the free essay sample

The Hobbit Essay, Research Paper In the enrapturing narrative The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkin the chief character undergoes a important alterations. The character goes from a peaceable merriment loving hobbit to a brave dare adventurer who helps kill an evil firedrake and steel a great hoarded wealth. Finally at the terminal starts his escapade place. It all begins one mulct forenoon when Biblo Baggins got an unexpected knock on his door. He answered and an old adult male came in. First the hobbit did non notice who he was. Finally he remembered it was his old friend Gandolf, the ace. They began to speak and the wizard tried to speak the hobbit into taking an escapade. Biblo would non make it. Hobbit # 8217 ; s were composures friendly people who neer went on escapades. At last the ace left but came back the following twenty-four hours merely this clip he came with 13 homeless midgets. After hours and hours of talk the hobbit eventually agreed to travel on the escapade cognizing he might non come back alive. It was a make bolding unsafe escapade to return Thorin, the dwarve male monarch, to his rightful land under the mountain and to steel back the midgets great hoarded wealth from the immorality firedrake Smaug. They were on their manner the following twenty-four hours # 8211 ; the ace the midgets and the hobbit. They traveled for yearss. darks were spent at hostel for really short periods of clip. Until after yearss of hard travel, they reached a point with no more inns merely them and the wilderness. Crawling with hobs, wolves and all sorts of other unsafe enemies whom they would have to avoid. They have now traveled for hebdomads and everything was traveling as planed until one dark when they were bivouacing out in the rain they saw a bright fire in the distance. It was decided that the hobbit would travel and look into it out. He went and when he travel at that place he saw three hobs bivouacing by a fire. Biblo decided non to travel back empty handed and tried to pick pocket the hobs. Unfortunately he was captured. The others began to acquire disquieted and decided to travel after him. Not cognizing what they were acquiring into, they besides got captured by the hobs. Every one but the ace was captured he waited a piece and so when the minute was right he destroyed the hobs. A small while subsequently after the midgets and the hobbit were freed, they found the hobs cave. They went in. What they found was great and a really of import plus to their journey to the mountain. What they found were two blades the orcist ( goblin chopper ) and glamdring ( foe cock ) which goblins genuinely hated. It was used to kill many hobs in its clip. They went on with their journey and eventually after several months of travel reached the mountains. On this peculiar dark that they reached the mountains there was a great storm with fast ululating air currents, rain, hail and giants who lived in the mountains were throwing bowlders about. The dog-tired travellers sought a topographic point to take shelter for the dark for they were exhausted and without nutrient. After a short while they found a cave the wizard explored it decided it was safe and allow the midgets and the hobbit in. Unfortunately for them the ace did non look good plenty. Equally shortly as everyone got settled in and fell asleep the hobbit began to hold a incubus. He dreamt that hobs came from a secret hole in the cave and took himself and the midgets. He was non woolgathering it did go on. Fortunately for them the ace escaped, when eventually the hobs had brought the hobbit and the midgets to the great hob the ace appeared and in a flash killed the great hob and helped the captives escape. Unfortunately for the hobbit he had been knocked unconscious in all the disturbance. Though the hobs did non happen him, because he was puting in the dark he was still lost in the hobs cave, when he woke. He could non travel into the visible radiation were he could be seen so he maintain traveling into the dark. It kept acquiring darker and darker until non seeing were he was traveling he fell and stumbled upon a unit of ammunition metallic object. He put it in his pocket and kept traveling into the dark until all of a sudden he fell waste deep into a small lake of H2O. Once his eyes adjusted, he saw a panics animal which was in a boat paddling towards him. The hobbit began to talk to the animal. It called itself cherished. It was brainsick. It ever talked to itself. Finally worst came to pip and the animal began to speak to the hobbit. It told him if he would acquire his conundrum incorrect, he would eat the hobbit and if the animal got the hobbits conundrum wrong he would demo him the manner out. First the animal went and the hobbit got it right. the n the hobbit went and the animal got it right they went on like this for a long clip. Then eventually the hobbit was out of conundrums and merely blurted out what is in my pocket. The animal was stunned. He guessed and guessed but could non acquire it right. To the hobbits luck he had overheard the animal speaking about a ring of power and he could non happen it. Then all of a sudden the animal came to his senses and said what # 8217 ; s in your pocket and kept reiterating it over and over once more cognizing that the hobbit had the ring. In the average clip the hobbit fixing for the worst. he reached in his pocket and put the ring on. At first he did non cognize what it did, but, when the animal began to look for the hobbit, he knew it made him unseeable. The animal believing the hobbit caput found the issue, he began to run to the issue. The hobbit ran after him and found his manner out. Finding his comrades on the other side sleeping. The following forenoon they he was with them and had a 1000 inquiries to inquire about where he was and what had happened. He told them everything except he did advert the ring. Then after a short repast they were on their manner one time more. Finally after months of unsafe travel they had reached the mountain. now it was the hobbits occupation to travel into the firedrakes den and steal back the midgets great hoarded wealth. He went, but before he did, he told his comrades about the ring. The ace did non look happy. He told the hobbit to utilize it in the firedrakes den. He did, he was in the den and all of a sudden the firedrake woke and sensed he was at that place and asked who was in his den. The hobbit doltishly answered merely a friendly hobbit. It was very well because the firedrake could non see him. He kept on worsening the firedrake until eventually he went and in his fury attacked the small small town by the river near the mountain. fortuitously the hobbit had noticed a soft portion on the firedrake # 8217 ; s chest which was non covered by thick scaly armour. He rapidly told the ace and the ace sent a courier to the small towns greatest archer. He had received the message and was prepared for the firedrakes onslaught. And, every bit shortly as the firedrake made his move, the brilliant archer had shooting an pointer through the evil firedrakes chest. That was the terminal of the evil firedrake smoug. In making this the dwarve Thorin could return to the mountain as he did for it was rid of the evil firedrake. The hoarded wealth and the throne of king under the mountain was know in the custodies of its rightful proprietor all thanks to the brave make bolding hobbit Biblo Bagins. Now one can see from the narrative I # 8217 ; ve told the hobbit changed a narrative so old. He became brave and bold through bad times and good and as the narrative went on and his bravery grew bolder the good hobbit got smarter and older. And at the terminal starts his escapade place back to hobbit land.

Valuable Lessons free essay sample

The alarm buzzes in my ear at 8:00 a.m. on Saturday, March 10, 2007. All right, all right! I rub my eyes and jump out of bed. I stagger to the bathroom down the dark hallway bumping against the wall with my eyes barely open. I take a bitter cold shower, brush my teeth, and dress. I can’t find my damn socks! Who cares about socks? I’m thinking of only one thing, the game. I put on my shoes and head out, slamming the door behind me, making my way towards the Dining Hall for a team breakfast. During my brisk walk to breakfast, I’m thinking of only one thing, to win the 5A Varsity State Championship Game. My teammates are sitting at a long table not talking, stuffing themselves with carbohydrates. I sit and look around as they give me reassuring looks. I sit in my own little world as I eat my oatmeal, bagel, and fruit. We will write a custom essay sample on Valuable Lessons or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I’m thinking of only one thing, today’s game. When everyone is done eating, we bolt for the rink and jam our smelly hockey gear into the luggage compartments of the charter bus. Twenty- two young determined hockey players file onto the damp bus, sit anxiously, and enjoy the first-class ride to the Pepsi Center in Indy. During the hour-and-a-half bus ride, I’m thinking of only one thing, winning the game. When the bus arrives at the rink, we all have our game faces plastered on. We unload our gear and head into the sweet aroma of the rink ready to give 100%. We shuffle into the locker room with Coach right behind us. â€Å"Listen up, boys,† Coach yells. â€Å"Hamilton Southeastern, we’re familiar with this team.† (We know their line-up because we played them earlier this season. They’re a good team, but we are hungrier.) â€Å"What has happened earlier this season doesn’t matter,† he goes on. â€Å"We’re going to win this championship!† We all have big eyes filled with determination. â€Å"If you believe in yourselves, anything can happen.† The room lights up and everyone stares at each other with looks of self-confidence and belief. Coach’s speech inspires us. I am pumped. I have the feeling of anticipation while lacing up my skates and strapping on my maroon helmet. I can’t wait until the drop of the puck. We’ve worked hard all season for this moment. I gather in a huddle with my teammates and shout Let’s do it! We head out of the locker room in single file towards the ice. I warm up on the ice doing str etches, passes, and practicing my slap shot until I hear the sound of the piercing buzzer. I am pumped, but nervous, I’m chewing on my mouth guard like it’s a piece of chewing gum. They announce both teams’ line-ups and I skate over to the bench and huddle with my teammates, â€Å" All right, boys, Eagles on three, One, Two, Three,† the captain yelled. We all put are hands together and shout, â€Å" Eagles!† This is it, its game time! We all skate to center ice determined, hungry, and craving the same thing, to win the 5A State Championship game. The ref drops the puck and we give 100% throughout the game, which leads to a sweet victory. It doesn’t matter who scores the goals, because one person can’t win a game by himself, it takes five sticks to make that goal happen. It’s all about playing as a team. With the season being over and my routine disrupted, I start to think about how much I miss hockey and why I play the game. It’s my passion and my comfort zone. There are many reasons why I love the game, mostly the outrageous times and the life-long friendships. I don’t know where I would be today without hockey. It has brought me to Culver and has been my key to self- discovery. It has helped me discover who I am and what I am made of. Without hockey I wouldn’t be the same person. The lessons I’ve learned have benefited me so much for whatever I do in life. The game has helped me grow as a person and has taught me many valuable lessons. I used to think about only winning and scoring goals, but it’s about much more than that. Hockey is about being part of a team and experiencing the ups and downs together. I’ve learned to win and lose with dignity and that my positive and negative actions impact others. I’ve learned that the best don’t always come out on top, because true hunger and heart can overpower pure talent. I’ve learned dedication, discipline, confidence, leadership skills, and teamwork. I’ve discovered that these lessons are true on and off the ice and will enrich me for a lifetime. Most importantly, the memories, friendships, and lessons I’ve gained are priceless.

Psych Chapter 7 Essay Example

Psych Chapter 7 Essay Example Psych Chapter 7 Paper Psych Chapter 7 Paper Essay Topic: Literature For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice. To aid students in their retention of information, which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores, memory researchers would highlight the use of elaborative rehearsal. The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Transience Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend any sugary liquid. Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of implicit memory. Knowing how to navigate the route from ones residence hall room to the location of ones college algebra class is an example of a schema. Which of these age groups has the strongest memory abilities? young adults According to the authors, our memory is most like melting wax False memories are easier to implant when the events that are said to have occurred are perceived as plausible. Leola has a comprehensive final for her organic chemistry class. For her to be able to retain the information from early in the semester, she should be advised to use ________ in her studying throughout the term. distributed practice The inability to momentarily remember a persons name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was faulty eyewitness identification. With regard to the idea of patients memories being shaped by suggestive psychotherapy techniques, psychologists re sharply divided about whether such memories are real or false memories. As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class, she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting immediately after learning new words. An important criticism of the depth-of-processing model is that it is unfalsifiable. An important source of false memories comes from source monitoring confusion. Mnemonics will be most helpful as encoding devices if we practice them on a regular basis. The inability to momentarily remember a persons name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking Darryl decides to start reviewing for his exam by studying 20 minutes a day for 10 days rather than just studying 3-4 hours the night before his exam. He is making use of distributed practice. What point did the authors make regarding claims of recovered memories of childhood abuse? Childhood abuse claims need to be supported by supporting evidence in order to be believed as real. For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice Knowing how to navigate the route from ones residence hall room to the location of ones college algebra class is an example of a schema During lecture each day, a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain. However, most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later. The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of decay The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Transience All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of rehearsal. According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items from early in the list. Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of implicit memory. Memory recovery from amnesia is gradual, if at all. In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of retrieval When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of encoding specifity memory retention of information over time suggestive memory techniques procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place memory illusion false but subjectively compelling memory span how much information a memory system can retain duration length of time for which a memory system can retain information sensory memory brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short term memory iconic memory visual sensory memory echoic memory auditory sensory memory short-term memory memory system that retains information for limited durations decay fading of information from memory interference loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information retroactive inhibition interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information proactive inhibition interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of new information magic number the span of short-term memory, according to george miller; seven plus or minus two pieces of information chunking organizing information into meaningful groupings, allows us to extend the span of short-term memory rehearsal repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory maintenance rehearsal repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory elaborative rehearsal linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory levels of processing depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it long term memory sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills permastore type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent primary effect tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well recency effect tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well von restorff effect tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli serial position curve graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on peoples ability to recall items on a list. semantic memory our knowledge of facts about the world episodic memory recollection of events in our lives explicit memory memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness implicit memory memories we dont deliberately remember or reflect o consciously procedural memory memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits priming our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after weve encountered similar stimuli Three stages of memory; 1)encoding 2)storage 3)retrieval encoding process of getting information into our memory banks mnemonic a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall storage process of keeping information in memory schema organized knowledge structure or mental model that weve stored in memory retrieval reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores retrieval cues hints that make it easier for us to recall information recall generating previously remembered information recognition selecting previously remembered information from an array of options relearning reacquiring knowledge that wed previously learned but largely forgotten over time. distributed vs. massed practice studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed) tip of the tongue phenomenon experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it encoding specificity phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it context-dependent learning superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context state-dependent learning superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding long term potentiation gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation amygdala emotional component of memories hippocampus factual component of memories retrograde amnesia loss of memories from our past anterograde amnesia inability to encode new memories from our experiences meta memory knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations infantile amnesia inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age flashbulb memories emotional memories that are extraordinary vivid and detailed source monitoring ability to identify the origins of a memory cryptomnesia failure to recognize our ideas originated with someone else misinformation effect creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place seven sins of memory suggestibility, misattribution, bias, transcience, persistence, blocking, and absentmindedness The most sensitive measure of memory is relearning. For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what was the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts. The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing. semantic Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 39 miles per hour. However, after hearing another witnesss report of the cars bumping and answering a police officers questions about the rate of speed when the cars contacted, he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the accident changes. This is an example of he misinformation effect. Evidence suggests that when the real criminal is NOT included in a live line-up, most witnesses will be inaccurate and select the person who most closely resembles the real criminal. During new worker orientation, you wish to make a good impression by being able to recall everyones name. Research on encoding would suggest that you are most likely to forget the name of the person immediately before you. According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items from early in the list When listening to the radio, Ramona hears a song; she cannot immediately recall the bands name, but she is sure she knows the name. This is one example of he tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. In the text, the authors discussed the astounding memory capabilities of Rajan. He could recall the digits for the number pi starting from nearly any place in the sequence. His amazing ability is due, in part, to his use of chunking In high school, Deanna took three years of Spanish. Upon enrolling in college ten years later, she registered for a remedial French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words. This is one example of proactive inhibition An essay exam question or a fill-in-the-blank question with no word bank is similar to the ________ method of assessing ones memory. recall Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval? episodic memory Memory recovery from amnesia is gradual, if at all. Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory nvolves no deliberate attention or effort. A recognition memory task is often easier than a recall memory task because we only have to eliminate the incorrect options to get the correct answer. Jasmine needs to remember an 8-line poem for her 5th-grade English class next week. Her mother suggests that she link the first few words from each line with a different part of their home, starting with the front door. This suggestion is most similar to the memory strategy known as the method of loci. The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was faulty eyewitness identification. A group of 3- to 6-year-old children were told about a man named Sam Stone. For several weeks Sam was described to them as being clumsy. Upon his visit, he did nothing to confirm this stereotype. How did this impact the childrens memory? Over half the children, regardless of age, responded to these suggestions while lower percentages also reported that Sam soiled a bear and tore a book. A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives. Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval? episodic memory In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of retrieval Eyewitness testimony has been found to be most accurate when the witness has ample time to observe the person under good viewing conditions If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to recall stereotypic-consistent, not inconsistent, information when questioned later. When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes, the typical adult starts to encounter difficulty once they get past approximately ________ digits. 5 According to the authors, most of the events we experience are never encoded and thus never stored in long-term memory. Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at 6 months of age. Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims? Because infantile amnesia makes it unlikely that these are true memories from that age As an adult and a parent of a 4-year-old child, Camille has seen many children begin to cry when placed on the lap of the mall Santa or Easter Bunny. When discussing this with her brother, Luis, he reminds her of the time when she was 5 that she began crying hysterically, ran fromf Santas lap, and was lost for nearly two hours. Luis has made all of this up, but Camille has a clear and distinct memory of the event he described. This demonstrates the role of ________ in producing false memories. plausible events As we age, our ability to recognize the strengths and limitations of our own memories improves. This is known as meta memory Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend any sugary liquid Just before taking your French I exam you were reviewing 5 terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the recency effect When information that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class, ________ has occurred. interference Seth is using visualization to imagine himself throwing pitches for strikes when he plays baseball. The ability to recognize that he is constructing these images rather than recalling them from an actual game in which he played results from accurate source monitoring Dr. Vargas can remember hundreds of students names from his twenty-five years of university teaching, but has difficulty remembering the new three digit area code for his home phone number. This is one illustration of the paradox of memory ideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam. Thao asks the following question: What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present? Hideki would be most correct if he answered memory Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance. The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws. As Emilio visualizes his dribbling, shooting motion, and release, he sees himself as an outside observer would. Memory researchers argue this demonstrates the reconstructive nature of memory Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we fail to consider how an individual differs in important ways from a group stereotype. Researchers have attempted to implant false memories in the memories of students at Gotham State University. To be certain that the event never occurred, they asked students if they recall getting to meet Yosemite Sam (a Warner Brothers character) at Disneyland. When approximately 41% of the students reported this memory, the researchers knew it was indeed evidence of a false memory because the memory was of an impossible event chemas and scripts are valuable memory tools because they ssist us in interpreting new and unfamiliar situations. The misinformation effect is most similar to which example below from the Seven Sins of Memory? suggestibility Gingko, or any other memory booster, works by increasing the amount of ________ in the human brain. acetylcholine Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we fail to consider how an individual differs in important ways from a group stereotype. Research on flashbulb memories indicates they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory After presenting groups of research participants words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of memory illusion Exposing people to stereotype-consistent information before meeting with an individual from the stereotyped group is often sufficient to produce stereotypic interpretations of that persons actions and thoughts. This is an example of priming. In his research on long-term memory, psychologist Harry Bahrick found that memory declined markedly for about two years, but only gradually thereafter. when one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of encoding specificity. If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to look for other examples of stereotypic-inconsistent information in their social world. During which of Piagets stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? Formal operational Which of the following is an example of imprinting? Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a theory of mind Ones accumulated knowledge gained over time is called crystallized intelligence Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioral change over time? longitudinal Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching authoritarian During menarche teenagers experience menstruation Piaget overestimated the degree to which object permanence develops in children. According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. preconventional Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior? Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. cognitive Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Marks behavior represents an inability to conserve Children involved in Strange Situation research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks reliability Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research? More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious catergory as compared to U.S. infants. According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results from scaffolding Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior? Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis According to Piaget, egocentrism involves the perception that others view the world as you do. According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves behavior motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people. Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate? Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior. ue has devoted so much time to her engineering career that at age 70 she has never been free to pursue many of her personal interests. Sues feelings of missed opportunities suggest a sense of despair. esearch investigating the causes of gender differences in behavior suggests that females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough and tumble play. Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? case study research designs Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy? Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes Formal operational thinking is likely required to successfully resolve Eriksons identity versus role confusion crisis. According to Erikson, which is true? Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis decreases the likelihood that a future crisis will be successfully resolved. Piagets theory applies to such topics as creating lesson plans for first grade students. Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching. authoritarian During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence. sensorimotor Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the interstate without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karlas reasoning reflects ________ reasoning. conventional The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects pronurture perspective The rooting reflex refers to a newborns tendency to open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek. According to Piaget, students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage. concrete operational Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing hot flashes Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment. strict; quick According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of assimilation and accommodation The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development. embryonic Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piagets ________ stage. concrete operational During which of Piagets stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? formal operational Which of the following is true regarding parenting research? Children of single fathers do just as well on measures of well-being as do children of single mothers. The bodys reproductive organs are called primary sex organs Puberty is associated with the onset of menarche People typically experience declines in vision, hearing, and smell at about age 60-69 As compared to Piagets theory, Vygotskys theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to cross a street safely for the first time. Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully but most of his friends have. Johnnys decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality. postconventional Which of the following is true regarding Piagets and Eriksons theories? Children in Piagets preoperational stage should also be working on issues in identity versus identity confusion stage of development. Brendas parents are political conservatives while she identifies more with liberal political views. When asked her political orientation, Brenda seems uncertain and does not respond. Brenda is dealing with the ________ crisis. identity vs. confusion Harlowes study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? Case study research designs Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first president were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piagets stages to answer thoroughly? formal operational According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. preconventional Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Josephs reasoning reflects postconventional reasoning. Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Markos revised views on red go-carts illustrates accomodation Which developmental theorist is likely to be most criticized for the use of broad age ranges in various stages of his theory? Erikson Empty nest researchers have found that most empty nesters experience an increase in life satisfaction after their children leave home. Which is true concerning research related to the Mozart Effect? Weak evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development, the key social agent influencing the resolution of the crisis is likely to be parents Sir Francis Galton (1884) intelligence is a byproduct of sensory capacity Clark Wissler (1901) various senses are uncorrelated with one another and with school performance Alfred Binet and Henri Simon (1904) first intelligence test Americans tend to view intelligence as: the capacity to reason well and learn quickly (to think on ones feet) Charles Spearman (1927) these correlations suggest a single common factor across all aspects of mental ability: Raymond Cattell (1971) distinguished two types of intelligence Fluid Intelligence the capacity to learn new problems Crystallized Intelligence the accumulated knowledge of the world over time Howard Gardner (1983) alternatively suggests there are eight separate intelligences Robert Sternbergs (1983 model posits the existence of three types of intelligence: Analytical Intelligence ability to reason logically Practical Intelligence: ability to solve real-world problems, especially people problems Creative Intelligence: ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions Modern intelligence tests dont typically assess practical intelligence IQ = mental age à · chronological age x 100 deviation IQ expression of IQ relative to same aged peers (eliminated age effects with Sterns formula) Culture-Fair Tests attempt to eliminate biases for people who speak language differently than how the WAIS is written Ravens Progressive Matrices most widely used Standardized Tests such as the SAT, correlate highly (0.7 0.8) with IQ tests, but attempt to emphasize achievement Mental Retardation Onset prior to adulthood,IQ ≠¤ 70, impaired adaptive functions Mild Retardation makes up 85% of retardation cases, and most can be mainstreamed into regular classrooms mild retardation is caused by including fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Down syndrome Divergent thinking: the capacity to generate many solutions to problems Convergent thinking: the capacity to find the single best solution to a given problem Emotional Intelligence (EQ) he ability to understand our emotions and those of others Wisdom: the application of intelligence toward a common good prenatal prior to birth blastocyst ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that havent yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part embryo second to eighty week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form fetus period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change concrete operations 7-11 years old, egocentrism wanes gradually formal operational period age 11 to adulthood apply psychological operations to abstract entities too; able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly elaboration embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable During Piagets concrete-operational stages, children are first able to represent objects mentally in different ways and to perform mental operations hypothetical and deductive reasoning are characteristics of children in Piagets__ stage formal operational Piagets account of formal operations has been criticized because adolescents reasoning is often less sophisticated than the theory predicts because the formal-operational stage is portrayed as the final stage of intellectual development authoritarian parenting combines high control with little warmth authoritative parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children uninvolved parenting provides neither warmth nor control permissive combines low control with high warmth

Barack Obama - Address to the People of Berlin

Barack Obama Address to the People of Berlin delivered 24 July 2008, Victory Column *Thank you to the citizens of Berlin and* and thank you to the people of Germany. Let me thank Chancellor Merkel and Foreign Minister Steinmeier for welcoming me earlier today. Thank you Mayor Wowereit, the Berlin Senate, the police, and most of all thanks to all of you for this extraordinary welcome. Thank you. I come to Berlin as so many of my countrymen have come before; although tonight, I speak to you not as a candidate for President, but as a citizen a proud citizen of the United States, and a fellow citizen of the world. I know that I don’t look like the Americans who’ve previously spoken in this great city. The journey that led me here is improbable. My mother was born in the heartland of America, but my father grew up herding goats in Kenya. His father His father my grandfather was a cook, a domestic servant to the British. At the height of the Cold War, my father decided, like so many others in the forgotten corners of the world, that his yearning his dream required the freedom and opportunity promised by the West. And so he wrote letter after letter to universities all across America until somebody, somewhere answered his prayer for a better life. That is why I am here. And you are here because you too know that yearning. This city, of all cities, knows the dream of freedom. And you know that the only reason we stand here tonight is because men and women from both of our nations came together to work, and struggle, and sacrifice for that better life. Ours is a partnership that truly began 60 years ago this summer, on the day when the first American plane touched down at Tempelhof. On that day On that day much of this continent still lay in ruin. The rubble of this city had yet to be built into a wall. The Soviet shadow had swept across Eastern Europe, while in the West, America, Britain, and France took their stock of their losses, and pondered how the world might be remade. This is where the two sides met. And on the twenty-fourth of June, 1948, the Communists chose to blockade the western part of the city. They cut off food and supplies to more than two million Germans in an effort to extinguish the last flame of freedom in Berlin. The size of our forces was no match for the larger Soviet Army. And yet retreat would have allowed Communism to march across Europe. Where the last war had ended, another World War could have easily begun. And all that stood in the way was Berlin. And that’s when thats when the airlift began, when the largest and most unlikely rescue in the history brought food and hope to the people of this city. The odds were stacked against success. In the winter, a heavy fog filled the sky above, and many planes were forced to turn back without dropping off the needed supplies. The streets where we stand were filled with hungry families who had no comfort from the cold. But in the darkest hours, the people of Berlin kept the flame of hope burning. The people of Berlin refused to give up. And on one fall day, hundreds of thousands of Berliners came here, to the Tiergarten, and heard the city’s mayor implore the world not to give up on freedom. â€Å"There is only one possibility,† he said. â€Å"For us to stand together united until this battle is won†¦The people of Berlin have spoken. We have done our duty, he said, and we will keep on doing our duty. People of the world, now do your duty. People of the world, look at Berlin.† People of the world look at Berlin! Look at Berlin, where Germans and Americans learned to work together and trust each other less than three years after facing each other on the field of battle. Look at Berlin, where the determination of a people met the generosity of the Marshall Plan and created a German miracle; where a where a victory over tyranny gave rise to NATO, the greatest alliance ever formed to defend our common security. Look at Berlin, where the bullet holes in the buildings and the somber stones and pillars near the Brandenburg Gate insist that we never forget our common humanity. People of the world look at Berlin, where a wall came down, a continent came together, and history proved that there is no challenge too great for a world that stands as one. Sixty years after the airlift, we are called upon again. History has led us to a new crossroad, with new promise and new peril. When you, the German people, tore down that wall a wall that divided East and West; freedom and tyranny; fear and hope walls came tumbling down around the world. From Kiev to Cape Town, prison camps were closed, and the doors of democracy were opened. Markets opened too, and the spread of information and technology reduced barriers to opportunity and prosperity. While the 20th century taught us that we share a common destiny, the 21st century has revealed a world more intertwined than at any time in human history. The fall of the Berlin Wall brought new hope. But that very closeness has given rise to new dangers dangers that cannot be contained within the borders of a country or by the distance of an ocean. Think about it: The terrorists of September 11th plotted in Hamburg and trained in Kandahar and Karachi before killing thousands from all over the globe on American soil. As we speak, cars in Boston and factories in Beijing are melting the ice caps in the Arctic, shrinking coastlines in the Atlantic, and bringing drought to farms from Kansas to Kenya. Poorly secured nuclear material in the former Soviet Union, or secrets from a scientist in Pakistan could help build a bomb that detonates in Paris. The poppies in Afghanistan come to Berlin in the form of the heroin. The poverty and violence in Somalia breeds the terror of tomorrow. The genocide in Darfur shames the conscience of us all. In this new world, such dangerous currents have swept along faster than our efforts to contain them. And that is why we cannot afford to be divided. No one nation, no matter how large or powerful, can defeat such challenges alone. None of us can deny these threats, or escape responsi[bility] in meeting them. In the absence of Soviet tanks and a terrible wall, it has become easy to forget this truth. And if we’re honest with each other, we know that sometimes, on both sides of the Atlantic, we have drifted apart, and forgotten our shared destiny. In Europe, the view that America is part of what has gone wrong in our world, rather than a force to help us make it right, has become all too common. In America, there are voices that deride and deny the importance of Europe’s role in our security and our future. Both views miss the truth: that Europeans today are bearing new burdens and taking more responsibility in critical parts of the world; and that just as American bases built in the last century still help to defend the security of this continent, so does our country still sacrifice greatly for freedom around the globe. Yes, there have been differences between America and Europe. No doubt, there will be differences in the future. But the burdens of global citizenship continue to bind us together. A change of leadership in Washington will not lift this burden. In this new century, Americans and Europeans alike will be required to do more not less. Partnership and cooperation among nations is not a choice; it is the only way, the one way, to protect our common security and advance our common humanity. That is why the greatest danger of all is to allow new walls to divide us from one another. The walls between old allies on either side of the Atlantic cannot stand. The walls between the countries with the most and those with the least cannot stand. The walls between races and tribes; natives and immigrants; Christians and Muslims and Jews cannot stand. These now are the walls we must tear down. We know We know that these walls have fallen before. After centuries of strife, the people of Europe have formed a Union of promise and prosperity. Here, at the base of a column built to mark victory in war, we meet in the center of a Europe at peace. Not only have walls come down in Berlin, but theyve come down in Belfast, where Protestant and Catholic found a way to live together; in the Balkans, where our Atlantic alliance ended wars and brought savage war criminals to justice; and in South Africa, where the struggle of a courageous people defeated apartheid. So history reminds us that walls can be torn down. But the task is never easy. True partnership and true progress requires constant work and sustained sacrifice. They require sharing the burdens of development and diplomacy; of peace and progress. They require allies who will listen to each other, learn from each other and, most of all, trust each other. That is why America cannot turn inward. That is why Europe cannot turn inward. America has no better partner than Europe. Now Now is the time to build new bridges across the globe as strong as the one that binds us across the Atlantic. Now is the time to join together, through constant cooperation and strong institutions and shared sacrifice and a global commitment to progress, to meet the challenges of the 21st century. It was this spirit that led airlift planes to appear in the sky above our heads, and people to assemble where we stand today. And this is the moment when our nations and all nations must summon that spirit anew. This is the moment when we must defeat terror and dry up the well of extremism that supports it. This threat is real and we cannot shrink from our responsibility to combat it. If we could create NATO to face down the Soviet Union, we can join in a new and global partnership to dismantle the networks that have struck in Madrid and Amman; in London and Bali; in Washington and New York. If we could win a battle of ideas against the communists, we can stand with the vast majority of Muslims who reject the extremism that leads to hate instead of hope. This is the moment when we must renew our resolve to rout the terrorists who threaten our security in Afghanistan, and the traffickers who sell drugs on your streets. No one welcomes war. I recognize the enormous difficulties in Afghanistan. But my country and yours have a stake in seeing that NATO’s first mission beyond Europe’s borders is a success. For the people of Afghanistan, and for our shared security, the work must be done. America cant do this alone. The Afghan people need our troops and your troops; our support and your support to defeat the Taliban and al Qaeda, to develop their economy, and to help them rebuild their nation. We have too much at stake to turn back now. This This is the moment when we must renew the goal of a world without nuclear weapons. The two superpowers that faced each other across the wall of this city came too close too often to destroying all we have built and all that we love. With that wall gone, we need not stand idly by and watch the further spread of the deadly atom. It is time to secure all loose nuclear materials; to stop the spread of nuclear weapons; and to reduce the arsenals from another era. This is the moment to begin the work of seeking the peace of a world without nuclear weapons. This is the moment when every nation in Europe must have the chance to choose its own tomorrow, free from the shadows of yesterday. In this century, we need a strong European Union that deepens the security and prosperity of this continent, while extending a hand abroad. In this century in this city of all cities we must reject the Cold War mind-set of the past, and resolve to work with Russia when we can, to stand up for our values when we must, and to seek a partnership that extends across this entire continent. This is the moment when we must build on the wealth that opens [sic] markets have created, and share its benefits more equitably. Trade has been a cornerstone of our growth and global development. But we will not be able to sustain this growth if it favors the few, and not the many. Together Together we must forge trade that truly rewards the work that creates wealth, with meaningful protections for our people and our planet. This is the moment for trade that is free and fair for all. This is the moment we must help answer the call for a new dawn in the Middle East. My country must stand with yours and with Europe in sending a direct message to Iran that it must abandon its nuclear ambitions. We must support the Lebanese whove marched and bled for democracy, and the Israelis and the Palestinians who seek a secure and lasting peace. And despite despite past differences, this is the moment when the world should support the millions of Iraqis who seek to rebuild their lives, even as we pass responsibility to the Iraqi government and finally bring this war to a close. This This is the moment when we must come together to save this planet. Let us resolve that we will not leave our children to a world where the oceans rise and famine spreads and terrible storms devastate our lands. Let us resolve that all nations including my own will act with the same seriousness of purpose as has your nation, and reduce the carbon we send into our atmosphere. This This is the moment to give our children back their future. This is the moment to stand as one. And this is the moment when we must give hope to those left behind in a globalized world. We must remember that the Cold War born in this city was not a battle for land or treasure. Sixty years ago, the planes that flew over Berlin did not drop bombs; instead they delivered food, and coal, and candy to grateful children. And in that show of solidarity, those pilots won more than a military victory. They won hearts and minds; love and loyalty and trust not just from the people in this city, but from all those who heard the story of what they did here. Now the world will watch and remember what we do here what we do with this moment. Will we extend our hand to the people in the forgotten corners of this world who yearn for lives marked by dignity and opportunity, by security and justice? Will we lift the child in Bangladesh from poverty, and shelter the refugee in Chad, and banish the scourge of AIDS in our time? Will we stand for the human rights of the dissident in Burma, the blogger in Iran, or the voter in Zimbabwe? Will we give meaning to the words â€Å"never again† in Darfur? Will we acknowledge Will we acknowledge that there is no more powerful example than the one each of our nations projects to the world? Will we reject torture and stand for the rule of law? Will we Will we Will we welcome immigrants from different lands, and shun discrimination against those who don’t look like us or worship like we do, and keep the promise of equality and opportunity for all of our people? People of Berlin people of the world this is our moment. This is our time. I know my country has not perfected itself. At times, we’ve struggled to keep the promise of liberty and equality for all of our people. We’ve made our share of mistakes, and there are times when our actions around the world have not lived up to our best intentions. But I also know how much I love America. I know that for more than two centuries, we have strived at great cost and great sacrifice to form a more perfect union; to seek, with other nations, a more hopeful world. Our allegiance has never been to any particular tribe or kingdom indeed, every language is spoken in our country; every culture has left its imprint on ours; every point of view is expressed in our public squares. What has always united us, what has always driven our people, what drew my father to America’s shores is a set of ideals that speak to aspirations shared by all people: that we can live free from fear and free from want; that we can speak our minds and assemble with whomever we choose and worship as we please. These are the aspiration[s] that join the fates of all nations in this city. These aspirations are bigger than anything that drives us apart. It is because of these aspirations that the airlift began. It is because of these aspirations that all free people everywhere became citizens of Berlin. It is in pursuit of these aspirations that a new generation our generation must make our mark on the world. People of Berlin and people of the world the scale of our challenge is great. The road ahead will be long. But I come before you to say that we are heirs to a struggle for freedom. We are a people of improbable hope. With an eye toward the future, with resolve in our heart, let us remember this history, and answer our destiny, and remake the world once again. Thank you, Berlin. God bless you. Thank you. Thank you.

Response to Evolution questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Response to Evolution questions - Research Paper Example In addition, all human beings have a common ancestor in some part. Hence all living organisms connect or relate through the tree of life in some respect. The second most common feature is that only the fittest of organisms survive and reproduce offspring. Evolution can be noted in various organisms such as butterflies. Butterflies have modified their shape, color etc. over time to adapt to the environment in which they live. Evolution has also affected humans in many ways, and, theorists believe apes are the predecessors of evolved species called humans. The authors, Hughes et al. observe that humans share nearly 95% of their DNA structure with chimpanzees who are considered closest animal relatives to humans. Since evolution has come into the knowledge of people, a conflict between religion and science has emerged. Evolution is primarily based on ideas and concepts taken from religion. Bascom argues that the concept of creation and evolution are not contradictory and, therefore, should be studied together in this respect. Very strong controversy erupted when Charles Darwin presented his theory of natural selection in the year 1859. The author, Myers states that the concepts, which were presented, by Darwin altogether changed the human ideology related to evolution and how we study the human race today. Evolution can be regarded as the mutation which takes place in an organism in consecutive generations. Heng postulates that predecessors often inherit such changes and evolution explains the variety of such changes at each and every level of organic structure. Natural selection is a slow and steady process by which biological mannerism becomes common in any population of an organism. This is the primary mechanism of biological change and is referred to as evolution. The most renowned feature of evolution is that all species living today are somehow successors of species which existed earlier. In addition, all human beings

The importance of Mens Rea in current criminal law Essay

The importance of Mens Rea in current criminal law - Essay Example Murder required a malicious state of mind, whereas larceny required a felonious state of mind. Mens Rea is generally used along with the words general intent, however this creates confusion since general intent is used to describe criminal liability when a defendant does not intend to bring about a particular result. On the other hand specific intent describes a particular state of mind above and beyond what is generally required. [1] To secure a conviction, the prosecution side must prove that the defendant committed the crime while in a certain state of mind. The definition is specified of every crime before a person can be convicted as a prerequisite for Mens Rea. There are three states of mind which constitute the necessary Mens Rea for a criminal offence. These are intention, recklessness and negligence and are described below. [3] Direct intent is the normal situation where the consequences of a person's actions are desired. Oblique intent comes in the situation where the consequence is known by the defendant as virtually certain, although it is not desired for its own sake, and the defendant goes ahead with his actions anyway. The law states that foresight of consequences can only be evidence of intention if the accused knew that those consequences would definitely happen. Therefore just a possibility of a particular occurrence is not sufficient. "A court or jury in determining whether a person has committed an offence, (a) shall not be bound in law to infer that he intended or foresaw a result of his actions by reason only of its being a natural and probable consequence of those actions; but (b) shall decide whether he did intend or foresee that result by reference to all the evidence drawing such inferences from the evidence as appear proper in the circumstances. Consequently, where foresight needs to be established a person is not to be taken as intending the natural and probable consequences of his act simply because they were natural and probable, although a jury may infer that from looking at all the evidence. The test is therefore subjective and a jury is to decide what the defendant's intention was from considering all the evidence." The cases where they were applied are: The relationship between foresight and intention was considered by the House of Lords in: Hyam v DPP [1975] AC 55 R v Moloney [1985] 1 All ER 1025 R v Hancock and Shankland [1986] 2 WLR 257. It is important to note that foresight of consequences is not the same as intention but only evidence of intention: R v Scalley [1995] Crim LR 504. The most recent case in this area is the decision of the House of Lords in: R v Woollin [1998] 4 All ER 103. The law says - To require proof that it was the defendant's purpose to bring about a particular consequence may involve placing a very heavy evidential burden on the prosecution (R v Moloney, 1985). Criminal law normally only requires proof of oblique intent (foresight intent) as opposed to direct intent Recklessness Recklessness is taking an unjustified risk. In most cases, there is clear subjective evidence that the accused predicted but did not desire the particular

Analysis of Professional Development Plan Essay Example for Free

Analysis of Professional Development Plan Essay The definition of professional development varies in school districts and educators agree that the term is ever changing and involves the use of technology. Some educators have said that the term has an operational definition. In the article, key design factors in durable instructional technology professional development, author John Wells offers the following definition for educators within the context of the technological age:Professional development†¦goes beyond the term training with its implications of learning skills, and encompasses a definition that includes formal and informal means of helping teachers not only learn new skills, but also develop new insights into pedagogy and their own practices, and explore new or advanced understandings of content and resources. [This] definition of professional development includes support for teachers as they encounter the challenges that come with putting into practice their evolving understanding about the use of technology to support inquiry-based learning (p.2). Professional development may encompass various characteristics such as goals and outcomes aligned to the districts, relevant topics in trainings, opportunities for staff collaboration, development maintained by an on-site coordinator, high quality and professional training and evaluations to determine effectiveness of program. James Polk, author of traits of effective teachers, states, the need for a strong professional development program is well established in research (p.2). Mr. Polk (2006) cites a recent study of factors contributing to three aspects of the teaching process that, teachers ranked professional development in the top third of importance on each aspect (p. 2). In analyzing the professional development plan of my school district, Richland County School District One, I noticed several issues that were identified by Mr. Polk. Mr. Polk outlined several problems associated with the traditional in-service programs that are deemed ineffective. Mr. Polk (2006) states that:assumptions, such as periodic in-service being sufficient to develop new teaching methods and improve practice, teachers being able to learn by listening to a speaker, and professional development being a luxury  rather than an integral part of district improvement, are all negating factors in the implementation of patronization of training programs (p. 2). Mr. Polk further identifies research-based, more effective assumptions such as professional development should be perpetual, and school change involves external and internal organizations and personal development. In professional development programs, the instructions to teacher should be demonstrated or modeled, practiced with feedback and professional development should be integrated into the daily life of teachers. Mr. Polk (2006) states that if professional growth rests solely on bimonthly, two-hour in-service sessions after the students are dismissed early, then any training received will unlikely be reflected in student mastery (p.2). Richland County School District Ones (RSDI) professional development program has several components such as the Plan Do Check Act (PDCA), Avatar, and classroom walkthrough. According to the Richland County School District Ones website, Plan Do Check Act is used in designing curriculum and delivering classroom instruction, in providing student support services, staff goal setting and evaluation, developing any new program, product or process design, planning strategically and starting a new improvement project or implementing any change. The Plan component is identifying the learning problem and gathering the needed data. The Do component is analyzing the causes and implementing the plan on a trial of pilot basis. The Check component of PDCA is gathering the data results of the solution and analyzing the data. The Act component is implementing the instruction for all students and modifying the improvement plan. Avatar is the districts professional development management system that allows for teaches to sign up for trainings offered by the district. All the trainings are offered after school or in the summer; this contradicts the recommendation offered by Mr. Polk that professional development should be integrated into the daily life of the teacher during the school day. The classroom walkthrough team is a district employee, the principal, assistant principal, and the professional development on-site coordinator. The team conducts the classroom walkthrough by observing the instructional strategies of a teacher for a total of five to ten minutes. The teacher is not offered prior information or feedback on the classroom walkthrough to correct or enhance his instructional strategies. The Richland County School District One website offers the levels of engagement of the students who the team should identify during the walkthrough. The levels; Authentic Engagement, Ritual Engagement, Passive Compliance, Retreatism, and Rebellion and their definitions are cited on the web page but teachers would not know their level due to lack of communication from the classroom walkthrough team. The problem of the poor quality of professional development was identified in the South Carolina schools that I have researched. For example, in Richland County School District Two, the districts professional development program mirrors Richland County School District Ones program by only focusing on providing monthly in-service trainings on half-days for students or summer in-service activities. Both districts also provide the occasional monthly state or national conference in the teachers subject area and online training, i.e. Educational Television. Richland County School District Two differs by offering their Richland School District Twos Technology Education Collaboration Mentors Program. The program is for school-selected representatives from every school in the district. The program focuses on helping fellow staff members develop personal technology skills and integrate technology into their classroom. Besides this program, I was unable to find any difference from the two dist ricts and the professional development training. Richland County School District One and District Two professional development programs consist of low quality training once a month, irrelevant topics, lack of feedback from teachers and administrators, and concepts but lack of implementation. The districts programs lack the scope, high quality, accessibility (besides the Avatar system in RSDI), relevancy, and feedback from students. The majority of the districts professional development program is the poor quality program described by Mr. Polk; two-hour  in-service sessions after the students are dismissed early from school. Reference Polk, J. (2006). Traits of effective teachers. Arts Education Policy Review, 107, p. 23-30. Wells, J. (2007). Key design factors in durable instructional technology professional development. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 15, p. 101-123. www.richlandone.org/ipda/Training_Tools/pdca.htm and www.richland2.org